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Bee Abducted #1/5
By Erkan Topal 1 , Leonora Adamchuk 2 , Ilaria Negri 3 , Mustafa Kösoğlu 1 , Giulia Papa 3 , Maria Sorina Dârjan 4 , Mihaiela Cornea-Cipcigan 5, * and Rodica Mărgăoan 6, *
Throughout history, honey has been used for many different purposes and due to its medicinal properties, has been one of the products marketed by traders. The figure of the bee first appeared in drawings on rock with the history of humanity, then on statues, as a logo, on money or stamps, and also in movies. Beekeeping museums, which present the historical process of beekeeping, also reflect an important culture with their ancient hives, documents, beekeeping materials, and historical antiquities. The contribution of bees to the sustainability of natural life is very important and has a history of 100 million years. The importance of bees and their by-products is increasing day by day, and the demand for the beekeeping industry as alternative income determines the emergence of new products and activities. Based on its health properties, apitherapy is the basis of activities such as api-air and api-diet. In natural regions (i.e., mountainous areas, forests) where beekeeping is carried out, people’s tradition, food culture, and healthy lifestyle attract society’s attention. In this context, api-tourist activity appears as a new phenomenon. In this article, the existing literature was scanned to create a resource about these new fields triggered by the beekeeping sector.
Since ancient times, humans have intricately intertwined their existence with bees. The earliest archaeological evidence of humans interacting with bee products traces back to the Paleolithic. For example, the use of beeswax to enhance hunting, by mixing wax with resins and ochre to fix stone tips to shafts or to create poisonous adhesive substances with toxic Euphorbia [1, 2]. Additionally, the history of beekeeping is as old as the history of humanity. Drawings related to beekeeping have been found in cave paintings dating from about 10, 000 BCE (Before Common Era). Primitive hives were also used in beekeeping in the Middle Ages, where in some regions only honey produced by bees was utilized without performing beekeeping [3]. It is known that the Sumerians, who lived in Mesopotamia around 3000 BC, also accepted honey as a medicine. Research conducted in the tombs of Egyptian pharaohs found dry honey aged 3200 years, and reports from 4000-year-old tablets suggest that the ancient Egyptians used honey for food, medicine, and religious purposes. There are data regarding beekeeping in images, tablets, and hieroglyphs dating back thousands of years in Sumerians and Hittites from Anatolia, China, and India from Asia, Egyptian civilization from Africa, and Europe. Honey was also widely present in Etruscan and Romanian cuisine and medicine [4]. Beekeeping, which took place in natural conditions until the 17th century, gained a scientific quality in these data [5, 6, 7]. For example, the San people of South Africa harvested honey by taking over wild colonies and marking them with sticks and stones at the entrance. Following the discovery of the first modern hive, the process of collection honey turned into an activity of animal production controlled by human hands [8]. Among the Slavs, beekeeping is a traditional practice. In particular, honey is part of the ritual culture and folk customs of Ukrainian people, descriptions being available since 1843 [9]. Nowadays, honey is the most traded bee product, as beekeeping activities have traditionally focused on honey production. In Figure 1, the schematic representation of the history of beekeeping from museums and personal collections is shown from past to present [4, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14].
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Apitherapy is a type of complementary medicine that implies the use of various bee products as therapeutic agents to prevent diseases and/or reduce their development. Api-tourism combines sustainable beekeeping, niche, historical heritage, and health tourism as an intersection between tradition, alternative medicine, and the sustainable income-generating activity of beekeepers. Beekeeping-oriented activities (bee products, apitherapy, beehive air, bee museums, production activities, historical beekeeping activities, images, and others) aim to attract beekeepers and people inclined to earn and increase the sector and country income [15, 16, 17, 18, 19]. Honeybee tracks can be seen in a wide range of areas, such as food, cosmetics, pharmacy, and medicines. In this article, we evaluate beekeeping apitherapy, beehive air, the use of bee products in nutrition, and several topics that attract tourists’ attention.
The bee is present in the legends of all societies on Earth, from prehistoric millennia to the Middle Ages. The Sumerians and Egyptians considered the honeybee as a sacred insect, according to the Sumerian–Akkadian tablets depicting the worship of the “bee goddess”, and the figures of bees on the stamps of the Egyptian pharaoh. While the Egyptians believed that honeybees reproduce from the tears of the god Ra, they are said to have been used as symbolic figures of the Egyptian state for thousands of years along with the water or common reed (Phragmites australis) [20]. In the Mediterranean mythology, Aristaeus was a kind of god for teaching beekeeping to humans, while in Greek and Roman mythologies Aphrodite and Bacchus were linked to honeybees [4].
According to artifacts of Bahmutin culture found at the burial site near Birsk town in the Republic of Bashkortostan, beekeeping in the southern Ural started about 5–6 centuries BCE among local Finno-Ugric tribes, keeping bees in tree trunk hollows at a height of 15 m in order to protect against bears. Later, beekeeping was adopted by the Bashkir people’s ancestors, who assimilated and drove the Bahmutin peoples away. Current Bashkir peoples in South Ural in the Burzyan region (natural region of mountainous forest area) still use historical beekeeping in pine tree trunk hollows. Bashkir linden honey and wild Burzyan dark bees are famous in Russia and European Countries [21].
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Two types of ancient ceramic hives have been identified, vertical and horizontal [22]. The latter, being a tubular container, was widespread in the Mediterranean area in antiquity [23, 24]. The oldest horizontal beehive, dating to the 10th–9th c. BCE was discovered in Tel Rehov, Israel [25]. Dating to the classical period, these types of hives were widespread in traditional apiculture in Egypt, Morocco, Israel, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Iran, and the Arabian Peninsula, as well as in Greece, Crete, the Aegean islands, and Cyprus [26, 27, 28]. Details of a wall painting on the tomb of Rekhmire (c. 1450 BCE) in Egypt, depicting horizontal beehives, were also discovered. Furthermore, horizontal beehives were depicted in a vertical position and represented on gold signet rings found in a tomb (Tombe dei Nobili) in Kalyvia, Crete, dating to the Late Minoan IIIa period (c. 1400 BCE), where a capture of bee swarms is also represented [29].
The bee figure was a symbol of power, being printed on money in the past. In the ancient city of Ephesus, located on the west coast of Anatolia, within the current Selçuk district of Izmir province, nearby the Virgin Mary 300–480 BCE Classical period, bees and deer are described on most of the 30–300 Hellenistic coins. Arian became synonymous with Ephesus and its symbol [20]. Again, the cult statue of Artemis Ephesus is presented with its richly detailed high architecture and magnificent jewellery. In ancient Greek, the goddess of victory, Nike, is represented alongside honeybees, which became the symbol of Ephesus; a wide variety of representations from human and animal motifs are placed in neat rows by zodiac signs [30].
Later, in the early 9th century BCE, an extensive apiary with hundreds of straw and clay cylindrical hives was discovered in Tel Rehov, Israel. Evidence of honey, bees, and beeswax within the hives have also been found. Near the hives, several cultic objects and a goddess of fertility altar signified the importance and relationship between Israelite cultic practices and bees, honey, and beeswax [31].
Bee Diagram Images, Stock Photos & Vectors
Special stamps for bees and beekeeping were issued by states and institutions, based on the significance and importance of the day, such as World Beekeeping Day. At the initiative of the Association of Slovenian Beekeepers, the Republic
Two types of ancient ceramic hives have been identified, vertical and horizontal [22]. The latter, being a tubular container, was widespread in the Mediterranean area in antiquity [23, 24]. The oldest horizontal beehive, dating to the 10th–9th c. BCE was discovered in Tel Rehov, Israel [25]. Dating to the classical period, these types of hives were widespread in traditional apiculture in Egypt, Morocco, Israel, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Iran, and the Arabian Peninsula, as well as in Greece, Crete, the Aegean islands, and Cyprus [26, 27, 28]. Details of a wall painting on the tomb of Rekhmire (c. 1450 BCE) in Egypt, depicting horizontal beehives, were also discovered. Furthermore, horizontal beehives were depicted in a vertical position and represented on gold signet rings found in a tomb (Tombe dei Nobili) in Kalyvia, Crete, dating to the Late Minoan IIIa period (c. 1400 BCE), where a capture of bee swarms is also represented [29].
The bee figure was a symbol of power, being printed on money in the past. In the ancient city of Ephesus, located on the west coast of Anatolia, within the current Selçuk district of Izmir province, nearby the Virgin Mary 300–480 BCE Classical period, bees and deer are described on most of the 30–300 Hellenistic coins. Arian became synonymous with Ephesus and its symbol [20]. Again, the cult statue of Artemis Ephesus is presented with its richly detailed high architecture and magnificent jewellery. In ancient Greek, the goddess of victory, Nike, is represented alongside honeybees, which became the symbol of Ephesus; a wide variety of representations from human and animal motifs are placed in neat rows by zodiac signs [30].
Later, in the early 9th century BCE, an extensive apiary with hundreds of straw and clay cylindrical hives was discovered in Tel Rehov, Israel. Evidence of honey, bees, and beeswax within the hives have also been found. Near the hives, several cultic objects and a goddess of fertility altar signified the importance and relationship between Israelite cultic practices and bees, honey, and beeswax [31].
Bee Diagram Images, Stock Photos & Vectors
Special stamps for bees and beekeeping were issued by states and institutions, based on the significance and importance of the day, such as World Beekeeping Day. At the initiative of the Association of Slovenian Beekeepers, the Republic
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